Emphysema Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emphysema - Case Study Example The chemicals released in the response disintegrate the alveolar septum, hence deforming the mechanical architecture of the lungs and increasing the cavities between the alveoli. With the reduction of alveoli surface area, there is reduced ventilation of the surrounding parenchyma (Webb & Higgins, 2005). The thoracic cage expands and diaphragm contracts to compensate the reduced surface area. With increased alveoli breakdown, the body cannot maintain enough oxygen in the blood. Vasoconstricting then takes place, with a risk of leading to hypertension, which strains the right side of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (Webb & Higgins, 2005). The patient is likely to experience shortness of breath at times. It may be more frequent, including even when he is at rest, depending on the extent of damage to the lungs. An examination will reveal an expansion of the chest’s diameter. His skin will also tend to discolor to a purplish-blue hue (Loscalzo et al, 2008). Pneumothorax may be caused by the spontaneous rupture of alveoli, which is a prevalent condition in emphysema. It occurs when there is constant loss of air from the lung, which then flows into the pleural space without an escape way. It results in the accumulation of air in the space between the lungs and the chest (Loscalzo et al, 2008). Pneumothorax can hasten respiratory failure in the absence of enough lung reserve to balance the shrunken lung or its segment. Severe pulmonary vascular occlusion results in ventilation-perfusion disparity and respiratory failure due to inadequate blood flow into the still functioning alveoli. With massive pulmonary artery embolism, pressure increases on the right side of the heart, causing cardiac dysfunction and hindering the heart from circulating adequate volumes of blood (W. H. O., 2009). Care must be taken not to give too much

Computing technology in aircraft design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computing technology in aircraft design - Essay Example It also discuss the advantages such as reduced production cost, improved time management, advanced method of quality control system, product consistency, in time to market and improved customer satisfaction. Aircraft design is a useful field that provides itself to objective design methods and, especially, optimization skill. Nearly all major aerospace design institutes employ computer-based optimization tools, mainly at the early design phase. Usually, the overall objective task used is total life-cycle cost (LCC) of the product. In the early design stage computer-based optimization technique allow a very broad search of the design space. Later, due to the current limits of optimization tools, searching are conducted using manual or ‘computer assisted’ process and, as a result, the search becomes noticeably more expensive and time consuming (Pugh 1996). The search space is narrowed down to a small number of design concepts that are explored in greater depth. At each stage of this process, the minimization of LCC remains the overall target (Southampton e-Science Wiki, 2006). The Boeing Commercial Airplane Company (BCAC) commenced testing with computerized transmission of aircraft design data between engineering groups. It is characteristic for several engineering groups, positioned at different company plants throughout the country, to work on an aircraft drawing as it develops from initial shapes to a final, dimensioned, explained, part. Traditionally, these drawings had always been prepared manually using drafting tables and conveyed between plants via company inter-office mail. By the introduction of early computerized drawing techniques and the accessibility of quality Interactive Computer Graphic (ICG) systems BCAC management decided to replace, both the manual drafting and inter-office mailing of aircraft design drawings.