The Authenticity Of Hip Hop - 1891 Words

Sandy Liao 4/20/2016 SOCY 118 Professor Klett Authenticity of Hip-Hop Authenticity has been connected to hip-hop since the genre’s inception in the late 1970s. Claims to authenticity are widespread to an unparalleled degree throughout all types of hip-hop music, from â€Å"gangsta†, lyrical, and party. Why is hip-hop preoccupied to such a large extent with the notion of authenticity? What qualities creates authentic hip-hop? Despite the previous absence of scholarly attention given to hip-hop, there has been a recent growth in hip-hop academia as the genre has solidated its position as a major market and cultural force within not only the United States, but also all over the world. Hip-hop’s fascination with authenticity is unique to the genre and its function of its roots as the cultural expression of socially and economically marginalized African-Americans. A narrow subculture, hip-hop’s rise to prominence as evidence by the rise of international hip-hop stars, a high percentage of hip-hop CD sales, and the cooption of all things â€Å"hip-hop† by large companies to target new consumer demographics, has jeopardized the genre’s â€Å"realness.† Listen to Kanye West’s â€Å"Ni**gas in Paris† produced in 2011 and then listen to Maceo’s â€Å"Nextel Chirp† produced in 2005, both tracks sound very similar, so what is authentic and what is not? Hip-hop’s claims to authenticity take a variety of forms in a multitude of contexts; therefore, it is virtually impossible to clearly define whatShow MoreRelatedHip Hop Is Not Going Anywhere1545 Words   |  7 PagesSince Old School’s Hip Hop conception, the genre has gone way beyond what the genre’s originators could have imagined. Each period since the founding of Hip Hop has added to the evolution of the culture and have altered it into something that is more than just a hobby, but a mindset and a part of life that cannot be separated from many different cultures globally. In 1977, popular Hip Hop MCs and Djs lived in poverty in New York and in 2016 artist like Sean Combs, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z are worth $2Read MoreThe Artist Who I Am1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe artist who I will be focusing on for this assignment is Eminem. I find him interesting because he became really famous around 27 (my current age) just before the new millennium but is still considered highly popular, relevant and on top of the hip-hop world. His albums consistently go multi-platinum, even though some were panned by critics and fans alike. I find him to be an interesting story from what I have heard in general. 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Present also is brutality against women descriptions. There have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead MoreThe Representation of African Americans in the Media and Popular Culture901 Words   |  4 Pagesand Hip Hop: Atlanta. Because of its staged version of real life and its importation of stereotypical representations --such as fighting and over-sexed black characters--, viewers have questioned the shows credibility for its reality. In this paper, I review the literature on stereotypical Black representations and examine Love and Hip Hop: Atlanta to answer the followin g question: To what degree do audience members perceive cast members as authentic and/or stereotypical? About Love and Hip Hop:Read MoreMisogyny Hip Hop W Sources Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesMisogyny in Hip Hop | 3.5.2012Dr. Tshombe WalkerAFR 1503 | Tina Marie | Misogyny in Hip Hop culture refers to lyrics, videos, or other aspects of hip hop culture that support, glorify, justify or normalize the objectification, exploitation or victimization of women. Misogyny in hip hop music instills and perpetuates negative stereotypes about women. It can range from innuendos to stereotypical characterizations and defamations. Overt misogyny in rap and hip hop music emerged in theRead MoreRap Music And Its Effects On Modern Music Industry1115 Words   |  5 Pages SOUTHERN RAP Southern hip hop also referred to as southern rap originated from the southern cities like New Orleans, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, Memphis, and Virginia Beach, just like the names implies. Rap music has transformed modern music greatly during the decade of 1997 and 2007 (Dyson 61). The decade has seen the southern artists rise to both national and international prominence. The southern cities have churned up modern rap artists like Dwayne Michael (Lil Wayne), Clifford Joseph (T.I) andRead MoreRun DMC and the Commodification of Subcultures998 Words   |  4 Pagesus about the commodification of subcultures and how the style of a subculture can be sold to the mainstream, how does this redefine Hip-hop? Introductory Section: From the socio-economic struggles of 1970s New York, a new kind of subculture emerged with a new style of music known as Hip-hop. The group Run-D.M.C pioneered, to some extent the transformation of Hip-hop from an underground phenomenon to a genre recognised as mainstream and an asoect of pop-culture. Run-D.M.C produced the first rapRead MoreThe Youth Oriented Hip Hop Movement1498 Words   |  6 Pagessuch is the hip-hop movement. The youth-oriented hip-hop movement finds its significance in the lives of African-American youths in urban working class settings and their resistance to authority, as well as allowing them to voice their identity and address common issues concerning race, gang activity, drugs, violence, and sex. While hip-hop has been suggested to have negative impacts on youths in contemporary society, it is known by most to simply be a reflection of the reality. Hip-hop, as an artisticRead MoreHip Hop And The Alternative Path Choice For Gang Violence1801 Words   |à ‚  8 Pages When I think of Rap and Hip Hop, to me they are pretty much the same thing so I use them interchangeably. This genre of music has been a staple within the black community as a way to freely express themselves not only creatively but also politically. Hip hop began in the 1970s as a result of the overwhelming creativity, restrained energy, and the lack of outlets for local youth in impoverished areas; â€Å"Rap music is an externalization of highly charged inner feelings shared commonly by young black

Guidelines, Policies And Procedures Within Own Uk Home...

1. Give a brief outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child 1989 is legislation that exists but does not form part of English law. Although it is not English law Governments have said that they are bound by this convention. Its purpose is to ensure children are kept safe and looked after. Children have the right to be protected from violence, neglect, abuse, maltreatment by those people looking after them. Working Together to Safeguard Children (2010) sets out the guidelines on how the setting and individuals should work to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people. This is in conjunction with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. This document covers what to do when there are concerns about a child and the correct procedures to follow. In addition it states the roles and responsibilities of different agencies and practitioners, summary of the nature and impact of child abuse, training requirements for effective child protection and how to best operate best practice in child protection procedure. The Children Act 2004 alongside Every Child Matters (published December 2004) set out the Government’s direction for 150 local programmes of change to be led by local authorities and also their key partners. The purpose of the published document Every Child Matters is to set the nationalShow MoreRelatedOutline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedure Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People766 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedure within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Any individual who comes into contact with children in their daily line of work â€Å"has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children†. Safeguarding means protecting and promoting the child’s welfare and putting measure in place to prevent abuse. Child protection is protecting a child where there is reason to believe that the child hasRead More1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.672 Words   |  3 Pages1.1 outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. There are many policies and procedures within the UK that outline the current legislation and guidelines to help with safeguarding children and young people. The Children Act 1989 The integral part of this act is to maintain the child is at the forefront of decisions; the best option in relation to the child’s welfare will be taken into accountRead MoreCypcore33-1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.810 Words   |  4 PagesOutline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people The main points of legislation that support the safeguarding of children are the Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004 and the Childcare Act 2006. The Children Act in 1989 set out principles to guide the work of local authorities and courts and also defined ‘significant harm’ and a child ‘in need’ of intervention. The Children Act 2004 provides the legalRead MoreCyp Core 3.3 –1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.883 Words   |  4 Pages1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Child Act 1989 - There has been certain legislation in the United Kingdom along with home policies and procedures that affect the safeguarding of children and young people. Policies and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004 carried more changes thatRead MoreGive Examples of/Describe Current Legislation, Guidelines; Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.1027 Words   |  5 PagesThere are several pieces of legislation today that play an important role in the safeguarding of children and young people within the care setting. The most well-known of these is the Children’s Act 1989, and the revision of it in 2004, which includes the Every Child Matter policies. The Children’s Act 1989 came into full force in the latter months of 1991 and introduced several new key principles that included: †¢ The concept of Parental Responsibility; †¢ The ability for unmarried parents toRead MoreMiss865 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 1 (topic areas: safeguarding, legislation, confidentiality, self esteem) Please ensure work is referenced correctly, reflect on your own practice with the children as much as possible in order to link knowledge and practice. Check spelling and grammar and ensure that professional language is used throughout. TASK ONE SHC 31 (4.1, 4.3) CYP 3.6 (3.3) CYP 3.3 (4.3, 3.3) SHC34 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3) (ERR – 2.4, 2.1) Explain the meaning of the term â€Å"confidentiality† Describe and analyseRead MoreThe Importance Of Safeguarding The Wellbeing Of Children And Young People1599 Words   |  7 Pages14 -Understand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people are - The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 - which ensure that children are safe and looked after, children have the right to be protected from all forms of physicalRead MoreSafeguarding Tasks1444 Words   |  6 Pageschild and young person should be able to depend.Protection of Children in England ‘A progress report 12th March 2009’ | 1. 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There are six beliefs within the Children Act 1989: * The best place for children to be looked after is within their own homes. * The welfareRead More5.2 Summarise the Policies and Procedures Schools May Have Relating to: †¢ Staff †¢ Pupil Welfare †¢ Teaching and Learning †¢ Equality, Diversity and Inclusion †¢ Parental Engagement.1533 Words   |  7 Pageslegislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. †¢ Working together to safeguard children (2006-2010) †¢ Children act (2004) †¢ Education act(2002) †¢ Disability discrimination act (1995) †¢ Special education needs (SEN) couch practice (2000) †¢ Data protection information handling and sharing 2. Explain child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. This

Black Like Me A Cultural Book Report Essay Example For Students

Black Like Me: A Cultural Book Report Essay Word Count: 913John Howard Griffin was a journalist and a professional on race issues. After publication, he became a leading advocate in the Civil Rights Movement and did much to promote awareness of the racial situation sand pass legislature. He was middle aged and living in Mansfield, Texas at the time of publication in 1960. His desire to know if Southern whites were racist against the Negro population of the Deep South, or if they really judged people based on the individuals personality as they said. Because of this he felt that they had encouraged him to cross the color line and write Black Like Me. Plot:Black Like Me is the story of a man named John Howard Griffin, who underwent a series of medical treatments to change his skin color temporarily to black; a transformation that was complete when John Howard Griffin shaved off his hair, and looking in the mirror, saw a bald, middle-aged black man. The reason he does this is for an experiment to see how racism was in the Deep South from personal experience. From November 6th to December 14th in the early 60s, he hitchhiked, walked, and rode through Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia. After three weeks in the Deep South as a black man John Howard Griffin produced a journal covering his change into the black race, his travels and experiences in the South, the shift back into white society, and the reaction of those he knew prior his experience. The book was published and released. The reaction on the society differed in great ammounts. Characterization:John Howard Griffin is the main character in the story. Throughout the story, this person displayed many qualities. He showed determination because he was bound and determined to become a black man so he could expose the truth about the Deep South and how racist they were. He also showed courage, for being able to pull through and do the things he did, such as become a whole new person of another race and going into dangerous territory where he knew he wasnt really welcomed. He also displayed a sense of dignity, because after he was done with this experiment, he was threatened several times and even burned in effigy in his hometown, but he still maintained his ground as long as he could. And last, but not least, he showed us a sense of hope, because no matter what, even in the darkest times, he would still keep at least a small bit of hope in him. Cultural Insights:The things that Ive learned about white people and black people is that things arent always what they seem to be. A white person could be the nicest person to you at first if you are white, but the next they could hate you for being black if you are a black person. But not every white person is like this. Universal Insight:In Montgomery, Alabama, Griffin decided it was time for him to reenter white society, but he also wanted to gain information of the area as a black man. So, he found the technique of covering an area as a black and then returning the following day as a white. What he found was, as a black he would receive the hate stare from whites and be treated with every courtesy by the black community. As a white, it would be the exact opposite, he would get the hate stare from blacks and be treated wonderfully by the same people who despised him the previous day. The only thing altered was his appearance. He dyed his skin a very dark brown and shaved his head, his clothing, speech patterns, and references had not changed and every question was answered truthfully. If people did judge others by their qualities and qualifications, his time in the Deep South should have been fairly uneventful. Instead, there were daily hunts to find rest- room facilities, restaurants, stores, and various other conveniences that he took advantage of before he crossed the color line. Even though he was the same exact person, people treated him differently.Literary Analysis:To covey his message against racism, John Howard Griffin uses theme as one literary concept. He shows us that even though he was the same exact person as he was when he was white even when he changed his skin color, people treated him in different ways just because of his skin color. .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .postImageUrl , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:visited , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:active { border:0!important; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:active , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 misc 12 00 EssayAnother way the author conveys his message against racism is that he uses mood as another literary concept. He puts the reader in a mood of disgust, not against the book, but against the people in the book and the racism that takes place in the book. Historic Reference: November 14, the day John Howard Griffin decided to leave to conduct his experiment, was the day after the Mississippi jury refused to indict or consider the evidence in the Mack Parker kidnap-lynch murder case. Because of this case, the tension between black and white became stronger, which led to making John Howard Griffins travels more difficult, being a black man. This book relates to American history because it takes the reader into the Deep South before the Civil Rights Movements took hold and shows what it was like to be black in the early 1960s.

Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self

Introduction: Design of the Studies A quantitative design is an important component in measuring and rating the behaviors in pre-test and posttest experiments. Both articles under analysis have applied to quantitative research methods evaluate behavioral patterns and define the extent to which a specific invariable component can influence other variables.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, the studies refer to linguistics as the major factor influencing other behavioral patterns, as well as introducing shits to attitude and perception. The articles are based on experimental design because the participants of the study are involved into specifically designed situations for the purpose of defining whether these manipulations can change beha vior. However, the research instruments, along with the number of participants, independent and dependent variables, and sampling, differ significantly. At this point, the first article under consideration called Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program applies to an cluster sampling because of the geographical advantages and it takes a long period of time (twelve weeks) to carry out the study. In contrast, the second research entitled as Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese Undergraduates provides an overview of a stratified sampling that reveals different patterns of behavior with regard to such variables as sex, major course, and age, which are not presented in the first study. In order to evaluate the relevancy and validity of the methodology, it is purposeful to define the correlation between the research design and the results of the study. Methodology Overview Brief overview of research methods In the study by Huang (2007), the primary em phasis has been placed on the selection of the articles that would fit the requirements of the research. In order to choose the 16 articles, such factors as students’ background and word frequency have been used. Introducing such computerized device as Textgrader, on the one hand, is an effective approach to define the size, the number of new words to be introduced, as well as other parameters related to the topic of the discussion. On the other hand, use of automated analysis does not contribute to a consistent evaluation of human factors, since students can have different levels of word exposure and knowledge background to memorize words and infer them from the context.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem is especially critical as far as the sampling population is concerned. The software involved into the study, however, cannot be considered cost-effectiv e because it requires installation of specific computerized devices. Regarding the methodological instruments, there is a strong focus made on searching for the texts for students to read. However, lack of tools necessary to select a sample introduces ambiguity. In other words, the study does not provide a sufficient explanation why the fixed sample has been chosen to take part into word lists reading program. In additional, the author has failed to evaluate the overall background of the participants and split those into specific groups with regard to the identified chosen word lists. In general, the research is a longitudinal study because it is premised on repetitive actions focused on a particular group of students to measure any changes and deviations from the established norms. Introducing experimental program provides more perspectives for analysis in terms of introduced variables and the sample population. Pre-test and posttest stages have also been introduced to define any i mprovements among the students. Presence of questionnaires providing an extensive overview of the participants has contributed to the analysis of the learners’ attitude to the Internet use in learning English. Though two questionnaires have been designed to estimate the learners’ attitude toward reading, as well as background, no changes have been made to the overall design of the study. At this point, all the participants have relatively different levels of computer access at home and different experiences in reading English texts. Therefore, the study does not demonstrate how this information could be applied to fit the experimental design of the study.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast to the first study, Yihong et al. (2005 ) have introduced a stratified population sampling enabling the researchers to draw conclusions about particular subgroups that cannot be defined in a generalized random sample. The chosen sample approach contributes to accumulating data across specified groups. Because the sample has been chosen from 30 universities, it is possible to infer that the sample is the closest to the general population criteria. Finally, the choice of a stratum enables choosing various sampling approaches, including the most cost-effective ones. In this respect, the researchers have applied mostly to questionnaires to include 24 statements about different categories of change based on existing bilingual theory. As a result of the quantitative methods used in the form of questionnaires and variance analysis, the research has managed to achieve the highest results. Using questionnaire as a methodological instrument has created a number of benefits for the researchers in terms of information availability an d statistical analysis. Though there was lack of computerized tools, the research is still valid and reliable because of the variety of questions introduced into the survey. A set of observations gained from the questionnaire has become the major source of quantitative analysis. It is also important to note that the researchers have managed to present sufficient information for statistical evaluation due to the categories introduced into the study. Judging from the choice of the sample and methods of research, the article refers to linguistic sociological study with its aim to measure the identities of different participants within a specific sample. Nevertheless, the author recognizes that using standard deviations test to define how these categories can be applied to evaluate the identity changes in correlation with the other independent variables. Data Collection Techniques Regarding the quantitative methodologies applied in the first study, it should be noted that many framework s implemented are relied on other experimental studies related to linguistics and learning techniques. At this point, the overview of related experiments and observational studies has greatly contributed to the exposition of quantitative data in the given study.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As per the second study, the researchers have applied to conventional methodologies to analyze the collected data and to choose the sample population. Overall, both articles have presented an extensive overview of relevant information collection methods. However, the second research initiated by Yihong et al. (2005) represents data with greater precision. Specifically, the availability of different charts and tables creates a wider insight into the accuracy of the data introduced, as well as stronger understanding of how different dependent and independent variables are interconnected. While evaluating the data collection hypotheses in more detail, it should be stressed that Huang (2007) has managed to integrate clearly stated purposes of the research and test those questions effectively. In such manner, the scholar has exposed a clear frame of the study. The second article has also introduced a clear thesis statement, but there is no specific identification of question to be tested . Despite the drawback, both articles have clearly introduced the data collection instruments, as well as data collection procedures. Hence, the first article applies to computerized tools to evaluate the appropriateness of the tools, whereas the second study makes use of the previous researches and theories to make up a questionnaire. Regardless of the differences in the methodological instruments, they still add value to the research due to the rates and scores provided in the study evaluation. The data collection procedures fully conform to the purpose of the research in terms of normality of distribution, homogeneity of variance, and levels of measurements. However, the first article fails to reveal the powerful data analysis techniques with regard to statistical procedure because no specific graphs and tables have been presented. As per the second study, the data analysis criteria have been full met with regard to the availability of statistical procedures. Because the two rese archers are premised on different approaches to data recording, the degree of errors differs as well. At this point, the first article is mostly based on computerized data assessment, which provides lower probability of error occurrence whereas the second article is more based on manual data recording which might involve more errors because of the human factor. Therefore, the second article provides lower level of reliability. Conclusion: Evaluation Of Methodologies While analyzing the above-presented methodological instruments for data collection and analysis, it can be concluded that both articles have suitable quantitative research designs because they fully meet the requirements of the research questions. More importantly, all the data collection procedures correspond to accepted procedures of experimental design. As per the sample population, the research articles outline different approaches to choosing the sample due to the various objectives of the study. In particular, the first article represents cluster sampling to carry out a longitudinal study, whereas the second article introduces a stratified sampling that perfectly suits a linguistic sociological nature of the research. Data collection procedures and instruments are powerful enough to measure the identified attitudinal patterns and important characteristics with adequate accuracy. Hence, using computerized tools in the first study enables the research to identify the texts that would disclose the major characteristics of text required for the program. The statements identified in the second study also offer a full picture of behavioral and changing patterns influencing students who study English. The difficulties, however, might occur because no evidence and arguments have been integrated with regard to the number of the participants chosen in the first study. Both articles add value to other existing researches in the sphere of linguistic and contribute significantly the frameworks needed for learning languages. Specifically, because the articles are focused on the patterns and measurements of scores and rates, they can be compared with existing statistical data referred to similar topics. Also, both studies manage to accurately identify the actual purposes of the instruments used, as well as find a close correlation between existing dependent and independent variables. What is more important is that separate findings from the studies can be used to be elaborate those in other researches. References Huang, H.-T. (2007). Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program. Language Learning Technology. 11(3), 64-82. Yihong, G., Ying, C., Yuan, Z., Yan, Z. (2005). Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese Undergraduates. World Englishes. 24(1), 39-51. This critical writing on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oedipus and Antigone Essay

Oedipus and Antigone Essay Oedipus and Antigone Essay JT and Jordan Argument 3 Block 2 Antigone Is Justified Antigone was courageous and willing to die for her cause. She thinks burying her brother was the right thing to do. When she approaches her sister Ismene for help to bury Polyneices, she speaks fearlessly about her willingness to die for her cause, â€Å"But if I must bury him, and if I must die, I say that this crime is holy, I shall lie down with him in death and I shall be as dear to him as he to me† (1.2.57-60). She disobeyed Creon and buried Polyneices anyway, knowing that the punishment was death. She places dust on the body only to have it removed by the sentries, than again by the gods and the storm. When confronted about it, Antigone she responds saying, â€Å"Creon is not strong enough to stand in my way† (1.2.36). She isn’t afraid of Creon and she won’t let him hold her back. She isn’t afraid to die for her brother and what she thinks is right. She will fight to the death to try to prove she is right and what she is doing is fair. Later i n the play, when she is arrested, Creon confronts Antigone. She says to Creon, â€Å"I knew I must die, even without your decree, I am only mortal, and if I must die now, before it is my time to die, surely there is no hardship: can anyone living, as I live, with all evil about me, think death less than a friend? † (1.2.73-75). She stands firm even before the highest ruler of Thebes. She doesn’t try to run away from what she did. She didn’t deny what she did. She stood in front of Creon

Fitting Quotations

Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations By Maeve Maddox Incorporating direct quotations effectively is an important writing skill. Here is an example of an ill-fitting quotation in an article about media doctor Mehmet Oz who was recently the subject of a Senate hearing. It’s from an article by Terrence McCoy in The Washington Post (print and digital): â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding that he â€Å"personally believes in the items I talk about in my show.† One obvious problem with this example is the use of pronouns that don’t go together. Not so obvious is the fact that the quotation differs from what Oz actually said. Quotation marks represent a covenant between writer and reader, a promise that the words enclosed by them are exactly what the person being quoted said. Here’s the original response to Senator McCaskill’s question: I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show. In quoting Oz’s original statement, the writer has fallen into a crack between direct and indirect quotation. The word he is outside the quoted material, but the writer (or editor) has added an -s to believe to make it agree with he. Without noticing that the pronoun I does not fit with the preceding he, the writer adds a my that was not in the original quotation. The writer could have reported the words as an indirect quotation, putting only part of it in quotation marks: he â€Å"personally believes† in the products he talks about in his show. Or, he could have introduced the quotation with a colon: â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding: â€Å"I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show.† A quotation should not be dropped into an essay or a news article without adequate introduction. It should agree grammatically with surrounding text, reproduce the exact words that were said, and it should not stand alone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesStory Writing 101Grammatical Case in English

Ecology in the news tasksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecology in the news tasksheet - Essay Example The underlying assumption is that warming makes thunderstorms more explosive. The increased water vapour as one of the greenhouse gases fuels the explosion that causes lightning (Romps et al., 2014).. Anthropogenic activities on the environment are the main reason as to why the world is recording increased atmospheric temperatures. On the other hand, the issue qualifies to be of great importance since lightning is one of the environmental problems. Though lightning injuries and accidents are natural calamities, destructive human activities on the environment are increasing the intensity of thunderstorms and lightning the (University of California, 2014). Therefore, an increase in lightning intensity and frequency mean more harm in the form of human injuries. Annually, thousands of people succumb to lightning injuries. The implication is that many will lose their lives if the trend continues in the future. A significant environmental impact of lightning is the increase in wildfires (Romps et al., 2014).. Lighting ignited forest fires are always hard to fight, and they are more destructive to the natural vegetation. However, one advantage of lightning strikes is the additional nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere thus controlling the chemistry of the atmosphere. Alternatively, it is possible to argue that seasonal temperature variations are the reason behind increased lightning. Though this journal ascertains that the projected increase in lightning strikes is due to precipitation and cloud buoyancy, scientists, and meteorologists have not done reliable analyses to predict what the future holds for humanity. However, studying atmospheric properties like the cloud buoyancy and precipitation may give a clue on what thunderstorm and lightning intensities may look like in future (Romps et al., 2014). Nonetheless, it necessary to understand that charge separation that occurs within the clouds causes lightning. Therefore, it takes a good amount of water vapour as

In your own words, define group communication in three to five Essay

In your own words, define group communication in three to five sentences - Essay Example Each member of the group is also encouraged to provide a feedback or to share in the brainstorming session to enrich the collective ideas and arrive at a more suitable outcome. An individual communication refers to the transmission of ideas to another without a need of requiring another person to collaborate or add up to the idea being communicated. The ideas are formulated by the communicator alone in order to implement a plan in accordance to one’s goal. There are approaches that can be used to promote individual and group communication. In individual communication and group communication anyone can be both a communicator and a listener. The participants in communication will be a speaker at one time and a listener at another. Thus, they must both possess the good qualities of a speaker and a listener. As a speaker, it is necessary to speak clearly and organize the idea logically. At the same time, the speaker should be patient to explain one’s thought and the listene r request for further explanation. The strategies are commonly used individuals in face-to-face interaction as well as in the use of social networking platform. Successful communication is facilitated when the communicators are at ease. This will enhance receptivity and allow full comprehension of the message being transmitted.

Consciousness mind Essay Example for Free

Consciousness mind Essay The Psyche, is a culmination of how we interpret the world, all our psychological nature. It’s not about the destination; it’s about the journey. The psyches are different paths to knowledge but have the same ending, personal ideas, experiences, emotions, as well as the collective unconscious. Conscious is the only part to the mind that is known directly by the individual, thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. This is how we grow our consciousness; the attitudes of extroversion and introversion determine how we orient our conscious mind. Individuation, or knowing oneself as completely as possible is how we produce and develop our ego. The Ego acts as the gatekeeper, it determines what perceptions thoughts feeling and memories will enter consciousness. Its what we select to make conscious. The organizational of how we operate. The personal unconscious is the idea of information that we file away in our mind. Its there, but we’re not focusing on it at the moment; it’s below the surface, the storehouse of repressed psychic material Complexes lie in our personal unconscious. They are groups of contents that clump together to form a cluster or constellation. They are separate little personalities within the total personality. They are autonomous, possessing their own driving force, and can be very powerful in controlling our thoughts and behaviors. The collective unconscious is the portion of the psyche, which can be differentiated from the personal unconscious by the fact that its existence is not dependent upon personal experience, composed of contents that were once conscious, but the contents of the collective unconscious have never been conscious within the life time of the individual. Ex: Mans fear of snakes or the dark. Does not learn these fears through experiences with snakes or the dark, although such experiences may reinforce or reaffirm his predispositions. We inherit predispositions to fear snakes and the dark because our primitive ancestors experienced these fears for countless generations. They become engraved upon the brain. Archetypes lie in the collective unconscious, models of our ancestry, it is the endless repetition that has engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not in the forms of images filled with content, but at first only as forms without content, representing merely the possibility of a certain type of perception and action. They are universal; everyone inherits the same basic archetypal images. The persona, to take a characteristic that isn’t your own. The persona is the mask or facade one exhibits publicly, with the intention of presenting a favorable impression so that society will accept him. It is necessary for survival, it enables us to get along with people, even those we dislike, in an amicable manner. The anima/animus is the â€Å"outward face† of the psyche because it is that face which the world sees. The â€Å"inward face† he called the anima in males and animus in females. The anima archetype is the feminine side of the male psyche; the animus archetype is the masculine side of the female psyche. Everyone has qualities of the opposite sex. The shadow, is primal and animalistic, it lives in the unconscious. It is projected on the opposite sex and is responsible for the quality of the relationships between the sexes. It is persistent and does not yield easily to suppression. Ex: farmer to poet, burying the idea of being a poet, but an even may trigger that desire. The bigger the personality the bigger the shadow. The self is the organizing principle of the personality. It is the central archetype in the collective unconscious. It harmonizes all the archetypes and their manifestations in complexes and consciousness. It unites the personality, giving it a sense of oneness and firmness. The psyche: a relatively closed system must be dealt with as a unitary system within itself, apart from any other energy system. It is derived from the things we touch, see, smell, taste, feel, or hear. These are the continuous source of stimulation by which the psyche is fed. The psychic energy is the energy by which the work of the personality is performed. Also called the libido, the natural state of appetite, manifested consciously as striving desiring, and willing. Its expresses itself through perceiving, remembering, thinking, feeling, wishing, willing, attending, and striving. It originates from the experiences that a person has. Psychic values, a value is a measure of the amount of energy that is committed to a particular psychic element. When placing a high value on an idea or feeling it can exert a considerable force in influencing one’s behavior. For instance, one who puts a high value on beauty will put forth large amounts of energy to surrounding oneself with beautiful things. This reminded me of my sister in law, whom is obsessed with very beautiful and very expensive things in life. She devotes her time and hard earned money to the material things in life. One might say she’s trying to keep up with the Jones’. She would say she like beautiful and expensive things. Direct observation and deduction, is a complex that does not always exhibit its characteristics in conscious behavior. Ex: The person who says, â€Å"I can’t stand gossips† may be the one who gossips most. Complex indicators are any disturbance of behavior may be indicative of a complex. Ex: when a man calls his wife by his mother’s name, it suggests that his mother complex has assimilated his wife to it. The repressed memory is assumed which has some connection with an unconscious complex so that the memory is swallowed up by it. Emotional Reactions, is the underlying complex. Intuition is the natural and spontaneous capacity every man has to perceive the slightest emotional fluctuation in others. The Principle of Equivalence if the amount of energy cosigned to a given psychic element decreases or disappears, that amount of energy is lost from the psyche; it is simply transferred from one position to another. The principle of Entropy is the direction in which energy flows is conceptualized in physics by the second law of thermodynamics. This principle states, in effect, that when two bodies of different temperatures are placed in contact, heat will pass from the hotter to the colder body until the temp of the two bodies is equalized. Progression and regression, Progression is defined as a persons daily experiences, which advance his psychological adaptation. Ones progression is a continuous process since his environment and experiences change continuously, which then adaptation is never completely achieved. Regression is the backward movement of libido. Through the collision and interactions of the opposites, they steadily become deprived of their energy. It subtracts energy from psychic elements whereas progression adds energy to psychic elements. Individuation Jung understood individuation to be something that began in the second half of life, when individuals reach the zenith of their lives and suddenly find themselves facing an unknown vista or some unforeseen upheaval. Sometimes this turning point takes the form of a crisis: such as a financial failure, a health problem, a broken relationship, or a change of residence or profession something which upsets the status quo. Sometimes this experience assumes the form of a profound self-doubt, a loss of meaning or religious conviction, a questioning of everything previously held so dear. Sometimes it presents itself as a deep yearning or a call to change direction. In essence, one could say that the unconscious, or more specifically, the Self (with a capital S), the central organizing archetype in the human psyche, which has seemingly hidden the greatest measure of its influence while the ego has been busy building a life for itself, suddenly the Self returns full force to claim a significant say, if not a central place, in the overall scheme of things. And for what purpose? To call a person to become a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ a separate, indivisible unity or whole. Those personal aspects, which have heretofore been disregarded be they interests, talents, characteristics, experiences, or issues now come forth to be acknowledged. That which was fragmented now strives for unity. That which was broken now yearns for wholeness. That which was neglected now seeks expression. That which was previously formless in nature suddenly begins to take a new shape, strangely in keeping with what feels like a unique and deeply ingrained individual patterning. The center of the personality moves from the ego toward the Self, in an attempt to establish a new center of the psyche somewhere between the two. There is something in the human psyche, which in its own fullness of time, struggles to produce the true personality. The individuation is an autonomous, inborn process, which means that it does not require external stimulation in order to come into existence. The personality of an individuation is destined to individuate just as surely as the body is destined to grow. But just as the body needs proper food and exercise for healthy growth, so the personality needs proper experiences and education for healthy individuation. For example in the early stages of childhood, of infancy personalities of the child are a reflection of the parent’s personalities, meaning that the child does not carry his own identity. But when the child separates himself from the parents, as in he starts attending school. He will then start shaping his own personality in unique ways apart from the parents. Three facts about Carl Jung. Jung was an introverted child and found happiness in being quiet and being alone. When he was a child he played by himself, since his sister was not born until he was nine. He spent hours inventing and playing games, then abandoning them to devise new and more complex ones. He did not want anyone to disturb him o tot interfere while he played. Jung had religious conflicts throughout his adolescence. Questions concerning religion were taboo. It produced confusion in jungs’ mind but it was the barrier that made communication with his father virtually impossible. He searched unsuccessfully through books for answers to his questions. Religious discussions with his father invariably ended unsatisfactorily, often with fuss and hard feelings. Jungs father died and made his financial situation worse. This left him responsible for the support of his mother and sister. Some of his relatives urged jung to discontinue his studies and seek employment, fortunately, one unclc offered financial assistance to take care of the family and the other relatives loaned jung money to continue at the university.

The Crisis of Religion in the Elizabethan Age :: Religion Religious Elizabethan Age England Essays

The Crisis of Religion in the Elizabethan Age The Elizabethan Age underwent a continuing crisis of religion that was marked by a deepening polarization of thought between the supporters of the recently established Protestant Church and the larger number of adherents to the Roman Catholic faith. Of these latter, Edmund Campion may be taken as the archetype. Well known as an Englishman who fled to the Continent for conscience's sake, he returned to England as a Jesuit priest, was executed by the English government in 1581 and was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1970. It has been observed that the author of the Shakespeare plays displays a considerable sympathy and familiarity with the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.i The intent here is to show a link between this English Catholic leader and the writer of the drama, Twelfth Night, as revealed by allusions to Edmund Campion in Act IV, scene ii of that play. A Brief Outline of Campion's Life Though Edmund Campion (1540-1581) was a scholar at Oxford University under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth I's court favorite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Campion's studies of theology, church history, and the church fathers led him away from the positions taken by the Church of England. From Campion's point of view, to satisfy the new orthodoxy of the Church of England, a reconstructionist interpretation of church history was being set forth, one chat he found difficult to reconcile with what he actually found in the writings of those fathers [2]. Had the veil been swept away? Were St. Augustine and St. John Chrysostom really Anglicans rather than Roman Catholics? Or were the church authorities trimming their sails to the exigencies of temporal policy? Questions such as these dogged Campion, and eventually his position at Oxford became untenable since he could not make the appropriate gestures of adherence to the established church [3]. Instead, Campion retreated from Oxford to Dublin in 1569, where he drew less attention and enjoyed the protection of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy for Ireland, and the patronage of Sir James Stanihurst, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, who planned to have Campion participate in the founding of what was to become Trinity College in Dublin [4]. During this period a number of significant events took place. In 1568, the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was driven from her realm into England, where she came under the protection and custody of the English Crown.

Jane Matilda Bolin

Bolin became the first Black woman to serve as a U. S. Judge. She was the youngest of four children born to Gaius and Matilda Bolin. Her mother, Matilda Emery, was an English immigrant. She died when Jane was only eight years old. Her father, Gaius Charles Bolin, was an African American and, also, part Native American. G. Charles owned a successful law practice in Poughkeepsie, NY. He was the first African American graduate of William College in Western Massachusetts and he was, also, the first African American of the Dutchess County Bar Association. As a child, Jane often shared passionate conversations with her father about law and his profession. She spent a great deal of time in his law office afterschool and on weekends. This helped Jane to determine early on that she wanted to follow in her father’s footsteps and become a lawyer. Having lived a sheltered lifestyle, she was further motivated to pursue a law career when she discovered the hardships of Blacks in America at that time. She became exposed to this through her father’s involvement in the NAACP and by reading the NAACP bi-monthly magazine, The Crisis. The violence, racism, and prejudice that she uncovered was very much unlike the lifestyle in which she grew up, where her father was respected by both blacks and whites. After graduating from high school at the age of 15, she attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts, where she was one of only two black students. Both students were picked on and embarrassed daily. This became Jane’s first racism experience. She graduated in 1928 as one the top 20 graduates in her class. Because she did not receive much support from her professors, she knew what to expect when it was time for seniors to speak to an advisor about career options. Her advisor told her that she would never be able to make it as a black female attorney. However, Jane was determined to attend Yale Law School. Jane’s father wanted to protect her from the prejudice that he endured while trying become a lawyer. He tried to persuade her to become a teacher and inspire other young black minds. However, once he learned that she was accepted to Yale Law School, he gave her all of his support. That year she was one of only three women and the only black woman enrolled in Yale. She became the first African American to receive a law degree from Yale. She returned home, passed the New York State Bar exam, and began practicing law in her father’s law firm. In 1933, Jane married Ralph Mizelle. They moved to New York City and opened their own law practice. Jane began a career in public service in 1937 as an Assistant Corporate Counsel for the City of New York. After two years of serving in this position, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia swore Jane in as the Judge of the Domestic Relations Court (Family Court) on July 22, 1939. This made her the first African American to be the judge of any U. S. court. As a judge, she made several monumental changes. She made it illegal to place individuals with probation officers based on race. She, also, required childcare agencies that received public funds to accept all children, regardless of race. She later founded an integrated center for trouble youth. Jane served as a judge for 40 years. She retired at age 70 in January of 1979. Jane Bolin died on January 8, 2007. She was 98 years-old. Bibliography http://blackhistory. com/cgi-bin/blog. cgi? blog_id=133098&cid=54

Mongols

In various times Mongols have been equated with the Scythians, the Magog and the Turkic peoples. Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongol peoples can be traced back to the Donghu, a nomadic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and Manchuria. The identity of the Xiongnu is still debated today. Although some scholars maintain that they were proto-Mongols, the fact that Chinese histories trace certain Turkic tribes from the Xiongnu complicates the issue. 10] The Donghu, however, can be much more easily labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace only Mongolic tribes and kingdoms (Xianbei and Wuhuan peoples) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes (e. g. the Khitan). [11] The Donghu are mentioned by Sima Qian as already existing in Inner Mongolia north of the state of Yan in 699-632 BC. Mentions in the Lost Book of Zhou (Yizhoushu) and the Shanhaijing indicate the Donghu were also active during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC).The Mongolic-speaking Xianbei formed part of the Donghu confederation, but had earlier times of independence, as evidenced by a mention in the Guoyu (â€Å" † section) which states that during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (reigned 1042–1021 BC) the Xianbei came to participate at a meeting of Zhou subject-lords at Qiyang ( ) (now Qishan County) but were only allowed to perform the fire ceremony under the supervision of Chu (? ), since they were not vassals by covenant ( ).The Xianbei chieftain was appointed joint guardian of the ritual torch along with Xiong Yi. These early Xianbei came from the nearby Zhukaigou culture (2200-1500BC) in the Ordos Desert where maternal DNA corresponds to Mongolic Daurs and Evenks (Tungusified Xianbei). The Zhukaigou Xianbei (part of the Ordos culture of Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi) had trade relations with the Shang dynasty (1600-1046BC). The Zhou clan lived near the Beidi (who included the Xianbei) for 14 generations before moving to the Central Plains in middle Shaanxi under Gugong Danfu).Another closely connected core Mongolic Xianbei region was the Upper Xiajiadian culture (1000-600 BC) where the Donghu confederation was centered. After the Donghu were defeated by Modu Chanyu the Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. Tadun Khan of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi. [12] In 49 AD the Mongolic Xianbei ruler Bianhe (Bayan Khan? ) raided and defeated the Xiongnu, killing 2000, after having received generous gifts from Emperor Guangwu of Han.The Xianbei reached their peak under Tanshihuai Khan (reigned 156-181) who expanded the vast, but short lived, Xianbei state. Xianbei Empire under Tanshihuai (141-181) Three prominent proto-Mongol groups split from the Xianbei, as recorded by the Chinese histories: the Nirun (claimed by some to be the Avars), the Khitan and the Shiwei (a sub-tribe called the â⠂¬Å"Shiwei Menggu† is held to be the origin of the Genghisid Mongols). [13] Besides these three Xianbei groups, there were other Xianbei groups with Mongolic affiliation such as the Murong, Duan and Tuoba.Their culture was nomadic, their religion Shamanism or Buddhism and their military strength formidable. There is still no direct evidence that the Nirun spoke a Mongolic language, although most scholars agree that they were proto-Mongolic. [14] The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a parallel Chinese text (for example, nair=sun, sair=moon, tau=five, jau=hundred, m. r=horse, im. a=goat, n. q=dog, m. ng=silver, ju. un=summer, n. m. ur=autumn, u. ul=winter, heu. ur=spring, tau. l. a=rabbit, t. q. a=hen and m. g. o=snake). [15] There is no doubt regarding the Khitan being proto-Mongol. [16] Asia in 500 AD, showing the Nirun (Juan-Juan) Empire and its neighbors Geographicall y the Tuoba Xianbei ruled Inner Mongolia and northern China, the Nirun (Yujiulu Shelun was the first to use the title Khagan in 402) ruled Outer Mongolia, the Khitan were concentrated in Southern Manchuria north of Korea and the Shiwei were located to the north of the Khitan.These tribes and kingdoms were soon overshadowed by the rise of the Gok-Turks in 555, the Uyghurs in 745 and the Yenisei Kirghizs in 840. The Tuoba were eventually absorbed into China. The Rouran fled west from the Gok-Turks and either disappeared into obscurity or, as some say, invaded Europe as the Avars under their Khan Bayan I. Some Rouran under Tatar Khan migrated east founding the Tatar tribes, who became part of the Shiwei. The Khitan, who were independent after their separation from the proto-Mongol Kumo Xi (ofWuhuan origin) in 388 AD, continued as a minor power in Manchuria until one of them, Abaoji (872-926), established the Khitan Liao Dynasty (907-1125). The Khitan fled west after their defeat by the Tungusic Jurchens (later known as Manchus) and founded the Kara-Khitan or Western Liao dynasty (1125–1218) in eastern Kazakhstan. In 1218 Genghis Khan destroyed the Kara-Khitan Kingdom after which the Khitan passed into obscurity. The modern-day minority of Mongolic-speaking Daurs in China are their direct descendants based on DNA evidence. [17][18] The Shiwei included a tribe called the Shiwei Menggu. 19] Bodonchar Munkhag (Chagatai tradition dates ‘Buzanjar Munqaq' to the rebellion of Abu Muslim or 747 AD. [20]) the founder of the House of Borjigin and the ancestor of Genghis Khan is held to be descended from the Shiwei Menggu. The early Shiwei paid tribute to the Tuoba Wei (386-534) and submitted to the Khitans. After the Khitans left Mongolia the Shiwei Mongols rose to prominence, when from the 1130s there were reciprocally hostile relations between the successive khans of the Khamag Mongol confederation (Khaidu, Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan) and the emperors of t he Jin dynasty.With the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols settled over almost all Eurasia and carried on military campaigns from the Adriatic Sea to Java and from Japan to Palestine. Mongols simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, Great Khans of Mongolia and one Mongol even became Sultan of Egypt (Al-Adil Kitbugha). The Mongols of the Golden Horde established themselves to govern Russia by 1240. [21] By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. 21] With the breakup of the Empire, the dispersed Mongols quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Tatars (not confused with a tribe in ancient Mongolia), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Yugurs and Moghuls; linguistic and cultural Persianization also began to be prominent in these territories. However, most of the Mongols returned to Mongolia, retaining their language and culture. After the fall of t he Yuan Dynasty in 1368 the Mongols established their independent regime as Northern Yuan.However, the Oirads or Western Mongols began to challenge the Eastern Mongols under the Borjigin monarchs in the late 14th century. Present-day Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks (formerly Oirats) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols. The Khalkha emerged during the reign of Dayan Khan (1464–1543) as one of the six tumens of the Eastern Mongols. They quickly became the dominant Mongol clan in Outer Mongolia.

The Appeal of Dystopian Novels for Teens

The Appeal of Dystopian Novels for Teens Teens are devouring the current popular literature of the dark, grim, and dismal: the dystopian novel. Bleak story lines about leaders who  terrorize citizens every year by making them watch teens fight to the death and governments who condone mandatory operations to remove emotion describe two of the popular dystopian novels that teens are reading.  But just what is  a dystopian novel and how long has it been around? And theres the bigger question: why is this type of novel so appealing to teens? Definition A dystopia is a  society that is broken down, unpleasant, or in an oppressed or terrorized state. Unlike a utopia, a perfect world, dystopias are grim, dark, and hopeless. They reveal society’s greatest fears. Totalitarian governments  rule and the needs and wants of individuals become subordinate to the state. In most dystopian novels,  a tyrannical government is trying to suppress and control its citizens by taking away their individuality, as in the classics 1984 and Brave New World.  Dystopian governments also ban activities that encourage individual thinking. The governments response to individual thinking in Ray Bradbury’s classic Fahrenheit 451? Burn the books! History Dystopian novels are not new to the reading public. Since the late 1890s, H.G. Wells, Ray Bradbury, and George Orwell have entertained audiences with their classics about Martians, book burnings, and Big Brother. Over the years, other dystopian books like Nancy Farmer’s The House of the Scorpion and Lois Lowry’s  Newbery-winning book The Giver have given younger characters a more central role in dystopian settings. Since 2000, dystopian novels for teens have retained the dismal, dark setting, but the nature of the characters has changed.  Characters are no longer passive and powerless citizens, but teens who are empowered, fearless, strong, and determined to find a way to survive and face their fears. Major characters have influential personalities that oppressive governments attempt to control but cannot. A recent example of this type of teen dystopian novel is the incredibly popular Hunger Games  series (Scholastic, 2008) where the central character is a sixteen-year-old girl named Katniss who is willing to take her sister’s place in the annual game where teens from 12 different districts must fight to the death.  Katniss commits a deliberate act of rebellion against the Capital that keeps readers on the edge of their seats. In the dystopian novel Delirium  (Simon and Schuster, 2011), the government teaches citizens that love is a dangerous disease that must be eradicated. By age 18, everyone  must undergo a mandatory operation to remove the ability to feel  love. Lena, who is looking forward to the operation and fears love, meets a boy and together they flee the government and find the truth. In yet another favorite dystopian novel called Divergent (Katherine Tegen Books, 2011), teens must unite themselves with factions based on virtues, but when the main character is told she’s divergent, she becomes a threat to the government and must keep secrets in order to protect her loved ones from harm. Teen Appeal So what do teens find so appealing about dystopian novels? Teens in dystopian novels get to perform ultimate acts of rebellion against authority, and that’s appealing. Conquering a dismal future is empowering, especially when  the teens have to rely on themselves without having to answer to parents, teachers, or other authoritarian figures. Teen readers can certainly relate to those feelings. Today’s teen dystopian novels contain teen characters who exhibit strength, courage, and conviction. Although death, war, and violence exist, a more positive and hopeful message about the future is being sent by teens who are facing future fears and conquering them.

Dian Fossey, Primatologist - Profile and Biography

Dian Fossey, Primatologist - Profile and Biography Dian Fossey Facts: Known for: study of mountain gorillas, work to preserve habitat for gorillasOccupation: primatologist, scientistDates: January 16, 1932 - December 26?, 1985 Dian Fossey Biography: Dian Fosseys father, George Fossey, left the family when Dian was only three.   Her mother, Kitty Kidd, remarried, but Dians stepfather, Richard Price, discouraged Dians plans.  An uncle paid for her education.   Dian Fossey studied as a preveterinary student in her undergraduate work before transferring to an occupational therapy program. She spent seven years as director of occupational therapy in a Louisville, Kentucky hospital, taking care of children with disabilities. Dian Fossey developed an interest in mountain gorillas, and wanted to see them in their natural habitat. Her first visit to the mountain gorillas came when she went in 1963 on a seven-week safari. She met with Mary and Louis Leakey before traveling to Zaire. She returned to Kentucky and her job. Three years later, Louis Leakey visited Dian Fossey in Kentucky to urge her to follow through on her desire to study the gorillas. He told her she later found it it was to test her commitment to have her appendix removed prior to moving to Africa to spend an extended time studying the gorillas. After raising funds, including support from the Leakeys, Dian Fossey returned to Africa, visited Jane Goodall to learn from her, and then made her way to Zaire and the home of the mountain gorillas. Dian Fossey earned the trust of the gorillas, but human beings were another matter. She was taken into custody in Zaire, escaped to Uganda, and moved to Rwanda to continue her work. She created the Karisoke Research Centre in Rwanda in a high mountain range, the Virunga Volcano mountains, though the thin air challenged her asthma.   She hired Africans to help with her work, but lived alone. By techniques she developed, especially imitation of the gorilla behavior, she was again accepted as an observer by a group of mountain gorillas there. Fossey discovered and publicized their peaceful nature and their nurturing family relationships. Contrary to standard scientific practice of the time, she even named the individuals. From 1970-1974, Fossey went to England to get her doctorate at Cambridge University, in zoology, as a way of lending more legitimacy to her work. Her dissertation summarized her work thus far with the gorillas. Returning to Africa, Fossey began taking in research volunteers who extended the work shed been doing. She began to focus more on conservation programs, recognizing that between habitat loss and poaching, the gorilla population had been cut in half in the area in only 20 years. When one of her favorite gorillas, Digit, was killed, she began a very public campaign against poachers who killed gorillas, offering rewards and alienating some of her supporters.   American officials, including the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, persuaded Fossey to leave Africa.   Back in America in 1980, she received medical attention for conditions that had been aggravated by her isolation and poor nutrition and care. Fossey taught at Cornell University. In 1983 she published Gorillas in the Mist, a popularized version of her studies. Saying she preferred gorillas to people, she returned to Africa and to her gorilla research, as well as to her anti-poaching activity. On December 26, 1985, her body was discovered near the research center. Presumably, Dian Fossey had been killed by the poachers shed fought, or their political allies, though Rwandan officials blamed her assistant.   Her murder has never been solved. She was buried in the gorilla cemetery at her Rwandan research station. On her gravestone: No one loved gorillas more... She joins other famous women environmentalists, ecofeminists, and scientists like Rachel Carson, Jane Goodall, and Wangari Maathai. Bibliography Gorillas in the Mist: Dian Fossey. 1988. Dian Fossey: Befriending the Gorillas. Suzanne Freedman, 1997. Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey the Mountain Gorillas of Africa. Farley Mowat, 1988. Light Shining Through the Mist: A Photobiography of Dian Fossey: Tom L. Matthews. 1998. Walking with the Great Apes: Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas. Sy Montgomery, 1992.   Murders in the Mist: Who Killed Dian Fossey?  Ã‚  Nicholas Gordon, 1993. The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey. Harold Hayes, 1990. African Madness. Alex Shoumatoff, 1988. Family Father: George Fossey, insurance salesMother: Kitty Kidd, modelStepfather: Richard Price Education University of California at DavisSan Jose State College

School Counseling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Counseling - Assignment Example Students will become more self-aware. This self-awareness will heighten their awareness of the surroundings also. This knowledge will help them detect and recognize evidence of bullying. It will also help them differentiate it from other arguments. Students will become more aware of how their thoughts or feelings can influence or change their behaviors. Being able to recognize patterns of bullying will make them mentally mature and behaviourally more capable of saying no to bullying people. Students will be asked to categorize their feelings or thoughts into positive and negative in association with a bullying pattern noticed by them. Feelings will be categorized differently for each pattern noticed. Students will understand that relationships based on trust and communication serve as a key to address bullying issues. It is the lack of trust which prevents victims from communicating or reporting bullying to adults. Students will be trained to efficiently report to caring adults. Mock staff rooms will be set up in the corners of each classroom. Students will be divided in to two groups. One group will imitate the staff and students from other group will pretend to be victims of bullying. This pretend play will encourage students to practice trusting the staff. One important activity which will help students improve self-concept and self-esteem is to accentuate the positive. For this purpose, students will be divided into groups of four and focus will be concentrated by each group on one member. Rest of group members will have to identify one positive thing about that student’s behavior. Mental wellbeing is essential to prevent bullying as vulnerable people are easy targets. Students will be made to sit in a circle at the end of the school day in the classroom. Every student will tell one good thing he/she has learned in that day about

Leukemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leukemia - Essay Example It might be chronic and acute (WebMd). Chronic leukemia deteriorates gradually and may not bring about manifestations for a considerable length of time (WebMd). This type of leukemia, which advances through the span of months to years, includes overproduction of mature white platelets that cannot function similar to typical white cells. Acute leukemia deteriorates quick and may make a person feel wiped out immediately. It grows inside of days to weeks, and expansive quantities of immature cells also called "blasts" develop (WebMd). These cells cannot work as typical white platelets, so individuals with intense leukemia are at a higher danger of contamination. Since the body is so caught up with delivering immature cells, it cannot produce the same number of red cells or platelets, which can bring about bleeding issues and anemia. Leukemias are likewise subdivided into the sort of influenced blood cell. By this division, leukemia might also be myelogenous and lymphocytic (WebMd). Myelogenous leukemia influences the other kind of cells that ordinarily get to be granulocytes, red platelets, or platelets. Lymphocytic (also called lymphoblastic) leukemia influences white platelets called lymphocytes (WebMd). On the off chance that the harmful change happens in the kind of marrow that makes lymphocytes, the sickness is called lymphocytic leukemia (WebMd). A lymphocyte is a sort of white cell inside a persons vertebrae insusceptible framework (WebMd). In the event that the malignant change happens in the kind of marrow cells that go ahead to deliver red platelets, different sorts of white cells, and platelets, the ailment is called myelogenous leukemia. The rate at which leukemia advances and how the cells supplant the typical blood and marrow cells are distinctive with every type of leukemia. Based on these divisions, there are four most common types of leukemia: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) frequently

Quit Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quit Smoking - Essay Example Statistical facts within the United States reveal that smoking is one among the leading preventable causes of death. The reason I choose this paper is that it explicitly states the side effects associated with direct smoking. In addition, it offers solutions necessary to enable addicts free themselves from this bondage. Furthermore, the message on this document will play a significant role in aiding those that have started smoking in the near time. On the other hand, it will discourage potential smokers. Apart from performing the function of warning, it widens the knowledge base about the effects of direct smoking. Consequently, this will allow a drastic reduction in the number of smokers globally with considering the current statistical trend. The act of smoking indirect tobacco or any other hazardous substance from the environment, makes one a second-hand smoke. In other words, second-hand smokers are also known as passive smokers. Effects arising from one being a passive smoker are not as harmful compared to those of direct smoking. Some of the effects that passive smokers are likely to encounter include premature deaths, increased chances of one to suffer from lung cancer, and from heart complications. Among children, it might also result to untimely death and ear complications. The document also provides the necessary solutions for non-smokers to avoiding these effects. The purpose of this web-document is to perform an educative role to both the smokers and the passive smokers. It has clearly illustrated some of the side effects associated with being a passive smoker. This report will make it possible for a smoker to protect the health status of the passive smokers. Similarly, the non-smokers will be able to avoid smoking zones or being around a burning cigarette. The report has offered effective solution that will ensure the health issues are a priority. Furthermore, through this document the smokers are expected to be more responsible in terms

The Stakeholder Engagement Process Management Essay

The Stakeholder Engagement Process Management Essay A person, group of persons, or organization that has a direct or indirect stake in an organisation because it can affect or be affected by organizations action, objectives, polices. (Business dictionary, 2012) Stakeholder engagement process: The word stakeholder and engagement both have different meanings for different people therefore it is difficult to understand what people are trying to think and say about these words. These words are used together to define a procedure which is theoretical a transparent process Stakeholder is only defined in a reference to a particular issue e.g. as a local resident in a particular area you may be a stakeholder in a decision about what will be the opening and closing timing of the restaurant. But you will not be a stakeholder in a decision about what kind of restaurant/food they will serve but health and local authority might a stakeholder in both decisions. Many authors described this phrase in different way. According to (Glicken, 2000) A stakeholder is an individual or group influenced by and with an ability to significantly impact (positively or negatively) the topical area of interest. However, according to (Slocum et al, 1995) Active involvement of people in making decisions about the implementation of processes programmes and projects which affect them. Freeman (1984) explains that any person or group of people who can directly or indirectly affect or can be affected by the organisations actions, objectives and policies. Shareholders including investors, owners, partners, directors, people owning shares or stock, banks, anyone having a financial stake in the business purchasers, consumers and end users. Stakeholder engagement is the process used by an organisation to engage significant stakeholders for a clear purpose to attain accepted results and stakeholder engagement is the process used by an organisation to engage relevant stakeholders for a purpose to achieve accepted outcomes. It is now also known as a fundamental accountability tool, since it obliges an organisation to involve stakeholders in classifying, understanding and answering to sustainability issues and concerns, and to report, explain and be accountable to stakeholders for decisions, actions and performance. Quality stakeholder engagement process should include: Clearly define the scope and have an agreed decision making process; Focus on issues material to the organisation and/or its stakeholders; We need to identify the important stakeholder and their interest relating to our restaurant. We need to assess the power and influence of stakeholders in connection to our restaurant. Define appropriate project to each stakeholder and we need to identify the stakeholders risk relating to our restaurant. Create opportunities for dialogue and be integral to organisational governance; Have a process appropriate to the stakeholders engaged Be timely; be transparent, flexible and responsive. Stakeholder engagement must be rooted in the culture and main functions of the organisation. To accomplish this, this requires an assurance to the principles and incorporation of stakeholder engagement with organisational governance, strategy and operations. Through this assurance and incorporation, the outputs of stakeholder engagement lead to strategic and operational outcomes. Whenever we start a project or business it is very important for us to identify key stakeholders and their type and also identify their interest relating to our business or project. Different kind of stakeholders: Usually stakeholders have three types Primary stakeholder Secondary stakeholder Key stakeholder Primary stakeholder: A primary stakeholder includes any group of people or an organisation which are eventually affected by the actions of the organisation both in positively or negatively way. In our restaurant business primary stakeholders are customers, lenders, suppliers and owner of the building. Secondary stakeholder: Secondary stakeholders are those who could be indirectly affected by the actions of the organisations. In our restaurant business secondary stakeholders are city council and environmental authorities. Key stakeholder: Key stakeholders can belong to first two groups and these peoples or organisations can have substantial impact upon within our restaurant. Key stakeholder includes; City council Customers Suppliers Lenders Owner of the building Environmental authorities and trade authorities. The Importance of Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder engagement is premised on the concept that those groups who can affect or are affected by the succession of an organisations purpose should be given the opportunity to observe and input into the expansion of decisions that affect them. In todays society, if they are not actively sought out, sooner or later they may claim to be consulted. Situations could arise when organisations do not aggressively engage but are forced to do so by the demands of society as a result of a crisis situation. In response, organisations hire crisis management procedures, and are often forced into a defensive negotiation with stakeholders, leading to a substantial and long lasting loss of reputation. This type of interface is often opposed and damaging of trust. Meaningful engagements take place in organizations as many organizations are well aware of current changes in the wider society and how they pass on to organisational performance. A relation with stakeholders is a mean to manage the impact as a result of those changes, many of which are shaped due to vast negative impact of global economic downturn. Organisations can either seek to diminish risk through the use of stakeholder management, or through the use of meaningful stakeholder engagement exploit new trends to identify and establish new opportunities; the latter is characterised by a readiness to be open to change. As with any other business process, engagement process should be systematic, logical and should be applied thoroughly. A process is provided by stakeholder engagement which takes in to account organisation from the starting point of planning and identifying objectives through to post monitoring and evaluation. This process is represented as a circle as it is constant where lessons are learned from past experience and will then shape the future planning and engagement. Stakeholder mapping and their importance: Stakeholder mapping is process of listing the entire stakeholders according to their interest and power or influence on a particular organisation. (Bjorn Andersen, 2008) Each stakeholder is different from other in terms of their power and their interest. Some stakeholders have more power and more interest in an organisation and some stakeholders have more power with less interest in an organisation. Therefore, stakeholder mapping provides us a framework which helps organisation in term of stakeholder management. By using stakeholder mapping organisation categorise each stakeholder in different category and then spend more time and money on those stakeholders who have more interests and more power and organisation also saves time by spending less time on those stakeholders who have less power and less interest. Stakeholders Mapping http://open.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/650/Items/B324_1_004i.jpg http://open.jorum.ac.uk Key players: Key players are those stakeholders who have more power and more interest in our business or organisation. In key players stakeholder management process organisation need to actively involve these stakeholder in almost in every part of the project. Because these are the stakeholders who have more power, influence and interest in our organisation. In our project suppliers, lenders and property owner has high power and high interest therefore, these stakeholders are key player in our project. Keep satisfied: These are the stakeholders who have less interest but more power in our organisation. Therefore, organisation always needs to try to keep these stakeholders satisfied at all the time and organisation always need to feed these stakeholders with the information which they need. Keep informed: These stakeholders have with high interests but low power. There is a very less chance that these stakeholders will create any trouble in our project, but these stakeholders have high interest in our project. Therefore, organisation always needs to try to spend relatively less time on this stakeholder and keep them satisfied. For example, local community and neighbourhood people who have most interests and low power and they cannot create any trouble but their interests level is quite high. Minimal effort: These are the peoples with less interests and low power. Organisation should need to spend less time and money on these stakeholders. Understanding stakeholder: Engagement process includes the understanding of the different stakeholders and also understanding their needs and demands. In this process we need to know how best we can engage all different stakeholders and how to communicate with them. We need to consider some key questions to find out how we can perform this process efficiently. This key question includes; What financial and non-financial interest they have? We need to know if stakeholders go against our restaurant project then how we are going to manage their negative attitude towards our project? What is their current judgment about our restaurant project? What kind of information they require from us? How we need to communicate with them? To get the answer for all of the above questions we need to ask directly to the potential stakeholders. Stakeholders are quiet open about their opinion and they feel free to comment on an organisations policies and actions. By asking these questions and interacting with stakeholders helps organisations to build a strong relationship with the stakeholders which will help organisation in a long run. Being a project runner we need to ensure that stakeholders are aware that things will get better once the project is completed and there will be now extra financial cost or any other burden on them. If we dont ensure them there will be resistance in future and this resistance could affect our project. Stakeholder management: Successful project requires a careful stakeholder management. Therefore, we need to ask questions who are the stakeholders? Stakeholder is any group/person or any organisation that has direct interest in our restaurant and they can be directly affected by the output of our restaurant. Therefore, it is necessary for us to understand the principles and issues which stakeholders have in order to address them and keep everyone on board for the duration of our restaurant project. (www.projectsmart.co.uk) In stakeholder management process we need to identify our key stakeholders then we need to find out whats their needs, demands, interest and power relating to our restaurant and then we need to know how to manage these stakeholders. Therefore, managing these stakeholders is different from managing other stakeholders. For example in our project of opening a restaurant on oxford road we have some stakeholder e.g. city council which could be directly affected by the output of our restaurant and if we affect this stakeholder our restaurant could be closed before it opens. Purpose of the stakeholder management: Purpose of stakeholder management is apparent however this idea has been ignored by most of the organisations. We need to consider all those stakeholders who can make an impact on our project in later period. In recent years we have noticed many examples that many organisation those who were ignoring their stakeholders now they are considering their stakeholders with more care and acting more responsibly towards their stakeholders. (www.triplepundit.com) Fast-food giant Burger king and McDonald faced criticism for supporting the cutting of the Amazonian rain forest from beef suppliers. Now Burger king and McDonalds started to act responsibly by altering their policies and improving their CSRs and they are reporting more carefully and they are taking care of their stakeholders relationship. (Buzz, 2012) Advantages and disadvantages of stakeholder management: An organisation can receive many advantages and disadvantages for managing the stakeholders carefully. Stakeholder management reduces the risk of failure of a project. Quality of a project can be improved by engaging the stakeholders. Serious issues which can affect our project can be diminishing at early stage by engaging all the stakeholders. Managing and identifying all the stakeholders is a costly process because every stakeholder has different demands and needs from other. Managing all stakeholders is not easy it is really hard job to manage all stakeholders because every stokehold aspect something extra ordinary output from your project. Conclusion: After extensive study and research; researcher is able to draw a conclusion that stakeholders are important and integral part of an organisation and organisation cannot deny form carrying out stakeholder analyses in every stage of the project. Because organisations future depends on better stakeholder management if organisation fails to do so they will end up facing extreme pressure from stakeholders and they might lose their business too and project may fail and we have seen many examples in past. Bjorn Andersen, T.F.L.E.O., 2008. Mapping work progress. 2nd ed. USA: Quality press. Freeman, R.E (1984). Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach. Boston, MA: Pitman. Glicken, J. (2000), Getting stakeholder participation right: a discussion of the participatory processes and possible pitfalls. Environmental Science and Policy, 3, 305-310. Slocum, R., Wichhart, L., Rocheleau, D. and Thomas-Slayter, B. (eds) (1995) Power, Process and Participation. London: ITDG Publishing. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html [Accessed on 24th November 2012] http://www.triplepundit.com/2009/04/purpose-vs-profit-stakeholder-management/ [Accessed on 24th November 2012] http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/stakeholder-management.html [Accessed on 23rd November 2012] http://www.triplepundit.com/2009/04/purpose-vs-profit-stakeholder-management/ [Accessed on 23rd November 2012]

In-just by e. e. cummings Essay -- essays research papers

Upon looking at e. e. cummings’s poem, â€Å"in Just-†,perhaps, two features immediately become apparent: the use of white space between some words and lines, and the multiple use of a single word supporting an entire line. To a lesser degree, the poem’s visual also features the boys’ and girls’ names joined together as though they were each one, and the capitalization of the â€Å"m† in â€Å"balloonMan† towards the poem’s end. All these features contribute to how the poem will be read, and when the poem is read, the sound, furthered by alliteration, assumes an alternating rhythm of excitement and measured awareness. That is, an accelerated tempo that reflects the excited manner of child-like exuberance for springtime revelry, and the lull in tempo that is attributed to the measured awareness or ambivalent feelings felt towards the â€Å" goat-footed balloonMan.† The poem’s rapid and then measured tempo creates an artistic tension that coincides with the speaker’s account of a remembered spring. By employing white space, alliteration, compressed conjunctions, and some unconventional capitalization, e. e. cummings creates a dream vision of a remembered springtime- revelry that reads with both excitement and a measured awareness. White space is used after the first line, â€Å"in Just-†, by cummings to emphasize the speaker’s observation that only in spring do the following things happen. The white space after â€Å"spring† in the second line suggests that the speaker ponders first what his audience later learns to be a springtime memory . The white space is quite obviously used for the benefit of someone listening to the poem being read. The white space in the first line between â€Å"Just-† and â€Å"spring† of the second line builds suspense when the reader pauses to simulate white space, and again, after â€Å"spring† when a child-like description defines what is uniquely available only in the spring. That is â€Å"when the world is mud- / luscious†(lines 1-2). Almost immediately cummings uses white space to direct the sound and rhythm of the poem that is not unlike conversation. A gradual dream-like state is suggested to the poem’s audience by cummings’s â€Å"far and wee† refrain, which is given increasing white space and therefore longer pauses, until each word of the refrain supports its own line. Initially the refrain complements the speaker’s excited springtime revelry; in fact, line five flows nicely... ...rbles and / piracies and it’s / spring†(7 -9) or the alliteration found â€Å"from hop-scotch and jump-rope†(15) ,wish to return and repeat it because the lines are fun to say. This pleasant effect must be attributed to the speaker’s springtime revelry who also must wish to return to these activities if not for the constant stressful reminder of â€Å"the queer/ old balloonman [whistling] / far and wee†(11 - 13). The poem’s conflicting tempos add tension to the speaker’s springtime memory, but the slowing of the tempo through cummings’s use of alliteration focuses the audience on the two emotional elements: springtime celebration and the ambivalence felt towards the ever-present â€Å"balloonMan†(21). â€Å"in Just-† is probably a good example of a free-verse poem. The poem’s visual appearance might be compared to a page of dialogue within a drama-script . What makes cummings’s poem better is the direction given to the reader, such as the odd capitalization to suggest an accented syllable, or the white space to imply a pause, better still, his use of compressed conjunctions to effect haste and emphatic tones, add the repetitive refrains for accent and syncopation and one could set this poem to music.