The Authenticity Of Hip Hop - 1891 Words

Sandy Liao 4/20/2016 SOCY 118 Professor Klett Authenticity of Hip-Hop Authenticity has been connected to hip-hop since the genre’s inception in the late 1970s. Claims to authenticity are widespread to an unparalleled degree throughout all types of hip-hop music, from â€Å"gangsta†, lyrical, and party. Why is hip-hop preoccupied to such a large extent with the notion of authenticity? What qualities creates authentic hip-hop? Despite the previous absence of scholarly attention given to hip-hop, there has been a recent growth in hip-hop academia as the genre has solidated its position as a major market and cultural force within not only the United States, but also all over the world. Hip-hop’s fascination with authenticity is unique to the genre and its function of its roots as the cultural expression of socially and economically marginalized African-Americans. A narrow subculture, hip-hop’s rise to prominence as evidence by the rise of international hip-hop stars, a high percentage of hip-hop CD sales, and the cooption of all things â€Å"hip-hop† by large companies to target new consumer demographics, has jeopardized the genre’s â€Å"realness.† Listen to Kanye West’s â€Å"Ni**gas in Paris† produced in 2011 and then listen to Maceo’s â€Å"Nextel Chirp† produced in 2005, both tracks sound very similar, so what is authentic and what is not? Hip-hop’s claims to authenticity take a variety of forms in a multitude of contexts; therefore, it is virtually impossible to clearly define whatShow MoreRelatedHip Hop Is Not Going Anywhere1545 Words   |  7 PagesSince Old School’s Hip Hop conception, the genre has gone way beyond what the genre’s originators could have imagined. Each period since the founding of Hip Hop has added to the evolution of the culture and have altered it into something that is more than just a hobby, but a mindset and a part of life that cannot be separated from many different cultures globally. In 1977, popular Hip Hop MCs and Djs lived in poverty in New York and in 2016 artist like Sean Combs, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z are worth $2Read MoreThe Artist Who I Am1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe artist who I will be focusing on for this assignment is Eminem. I find him interesting because he became really famous around 27 (my current age) just before the new millennium but is still considered highly popular, relevant and on top of the hip-hop world. His albums consistently go multi-platinum, even though some were panned by critics and fans alike. I find him to be an interesting story from what I have heard in general. His personality, drug use, controversies, near-death, and his continuedRead MoreAn Ideological Exploration Of Macklemore s Racial Redemption As A Musical Genre And Cultural Movement964 Words   |  4 PagesRedemption As a musical genre and cultural movement, Hip Hop and Rap have been both cultural phenomena and musical genres within the United States that have reached internationally and driven conversations on sociopolitical troubles such as war, violence, and racism. Hip Hop and rap which at times have been used interchangeably, have seen drastic changes in both their reception as musical genres and have garnered vast visibility within the United States. Hip Hop and Rap artists have been integral to drivingRead MoreRap Hop And Hip Hop Culture1550 Words   |  7 PagesMost hip hop songs and videos have lyrics and scenes that demean and humiliate women. Showing scenes of violence to women, demeaning them and depicting them as sex objects or subjects of submission to men is Misogyny. Present also is brutality against women descriptions. There have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead MoreThe Representation of African Americans in the Media and Popular Culture901 Words   |  4 Pagesand Hip Hop: Atlanta. Because of its staged version of real life and its importation of stereotypical representations --such as fighting and over-sexed black characters--, viewers have questioned the shows credibility for its reality. In this paper, I review the literature on stereotypical Black representations and examine Love and Hip Hop: Atlanta to answer the followin g question: To what degree do audience members perceive cast members as authentic and/or stereotypical? About Love and Hip Hop:Read MoreMisogyny Hip Hop W Sources Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesMisogyny in Hip Hop | 3.5.2012Dr. Tshombe WalkerAFR 1503 | Tina Marie | Misogyny in Hip Hop culture refers to lyrics, videos, or other aspects of hip hop culture that support, glorify, justify or normalize the objectification, exploitation or victimization of women. Misogyny in hip hop music instills and perpetuates negative stereotypes about women. It can range from innuendos to stereotypical characterizations and defamations. Overt misogyny in rap and hip hop music emerged in theRead MoreRap Music And Its Effects On Modern Music Industry1115 Words   |  5 Pages SOUTHERN RAP Southern hip hop also referred to as southern rap originated from the southern cities like New Orleans, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, Memphis, and Virginia Beach, just like the names implies. Rap music has transformed modern music greatly during the decade of 1997 and 2007 (Dyson 61). The decade has seen the southern artists rise to both national and international prominence. The southern cities have churned up modern rap artists like Dwayne Michael (Lil Wayne), Clifford Joseph (T.I) andRead MoreRun DMC and the Commodification of Subcultures998 Words   |  4 Pagesus about the commodification of subcultures and how the style of a subculture can be sold to the mainstream, how does this redefine Hip-hop? Introductory Section: From the socio-economic struggles of 1970s New York, a new kind of subculture emerged with a new style of music known as Hip-hop. The group Run-D.M.C pioneered, to some extent the transformation of Hip-hop from an underground phenomenon to a genre recognised as mainstream and an asoect of pop-culture. Run-D.M.C produced the first rapRead MoreThe Youth Oriented Hip Hop Movement1498 Words   |  6 Pagessuch is the hip-hop movement. The youth-oriented hip-hop movement finds its significance in the lives of African-American youths in urban working class settings and their resistance to authority, as well as allowing them to voice their identity and address common issues concerning race, gang activity, drugs, violence, and sex. While hip-hop has been suggested to have negative impacts on youths in contemporary society, it is known by most to simply be a reflection of the reality. Hip-hop, as an artisticRead MoreHip Hop And The Alternative Path Choice For Gang Violence1801 Words   |à ‚  8 Pages When I think of Rap and Hip Hop, to me they are pretty much the same thing so I use them interchangeably. This genre of music has been a staple within the black community as a way to freely express themselves not only creatively but also politically. Hip hop began in the 1970s as a result of the overwhelming creativity, restrained energy, and the lack of outlets for local youth in impoverished areas; â€Å"Rap music is an externalization of highly charged inner feelings shared commonly by young black

Guidelines, Policies And Procedures Within Own Uk Home...

1. Give a brief outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child 1989 is legislation that exists but does not form part of English law. Although it is not English law Governments have said that they are bound by this convention. Its purpose is to ensure children are kept safe and looked after. Children have the right to be protected from violence, neglect, abuse, maltreatment by those people looking after them. Working Together to Safeguard Children (2010) sets out the guidelines on how the setting and individuals should work to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people. This is in conjunction with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. This document covers what to do when there are concerns about a child and the correct procedures to follow. In addition it states the roles and responsibilities of different agencies and practitioners, summary of the nature and impact of child abuse, training requirements for effective child protection and how to best operate best practice in child protection procedure. The Children Act 2004 alongside Every Child Matters (published December 2004) set out the Government’s direction for 150 local programmes of change to be led by local authorities and also their key partners. The purpose of the published document Every Child Matters is to set the nationalShow MoreRelatedOutline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedure Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People766 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedure within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Any individual who comes into contact with children in their daily line of work â€Å"has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children†. Safeguarding means protecting and promoting the child’s welfare and putting measure in place to prevent abuse. Child protection is protecting a child where there is reason to believe that the child hasRead More1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.672 Words   |  3 Pages1.1 outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. There are many policies and procedures within the UK that outline the current legislation and guidelines to help with safeguarding children and young people. The Children Act 1989 The integral part of this act is to maintain the child is at the forefront of decisions; the best option in relation to the child’s welfare will be taken into accountRead MoreCypcore33-1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.810 Words   |  4 PagesOutline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people The main points of legislation that support the safeguarding of children are the Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004 and the Childcare Act 2006. The Children Act in 1989 set out principles to guide the work of local authorities and courts and also defined ‘significant harm’ and a child ‘in need’ of intervention. The Children Act 2004 provides the legalRead MoreCyp Core 3.3 –1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.883 Words   |  4 Pages1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Child Act 1989 - There has been certain legislation in the United Kingdom along with home policies and procedures that affect the safeguarding of children and young people. Policies and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004 carried more changes thatRead MoreGive Examples of/Describe Current Legislation, Guidelines; Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.1027 Words   |  5 PagesThere are several pieces of legislation today that play an important role in the safeguarding of children and young people within the care setting. The most well-known of these is the Children’s Act 1989, and the revision of it in 2004, which includes the Every Child Matter policies. The Children’s Act 1989 came into full force in the latter months of 1991 and introduced several new key principles that included: †¢ The concept of Parental Responsibility; †¢ The ability for unmarried parents toRead MoreMiss865 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 1 (topic areas: safeguarding, legislation, confidentiality, self esteem) Please ensure work is referenced correctly, reflect on your own practice with the children as much as possible in order to link knowledge and practice. Check spelling and grammar and ensure that professional language is used throughout. TASK ONE SHC 31 (4.1, 4.3) CYP 3.6 (3.3) CYP 3.3 (4.3, 3.3) SHC34 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3) (ERR – 2.4, 2.1) Explain the meaning of the term â€Å"confidentiality† Describe and analyseRead MoreThe Importance Of Safeguarding The Wellbeing Of Children And Young People1599 Words   |  7 Pages14 -Understand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people are - The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 - which ensure that children are safe and looked after, children have the right to be protected from all forms of physicalRead MoreSafeguarding Tasks1444 Words   |  6 Pageschild and young person should be able to depend.Protection of Children in England ‘A progress report 12th March 2009’ | 1. Make a booklet†¢ an outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people†¢ an analysis of how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect day to day work with children and young people†¢ an explanation of how the processes used by own work settingRead MoreCyp Core 3.31885 Words   |  8 Pageswell-being of children young people 1.1- Outline the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people- Children’s Act 1989 and 2004- If there are children that are being accommodated by the Local Authority, then this all comes under the Children Act 1989. There are six beliefs within the Children Act 1989: * The best place for children to be looked after is within their own homes. * The welfareRead More5.2 Summarise the Policies and Procedures Schools May Have Relating to: †¢ Staff †¢ Pupil Welfare †¢ Teaching and Learning †¢ Equality, Diversity and Inclusion †¢ Parental Engagement.1533 Words   |  7 Pageslegislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. †¢ Working together to safeguard children (2006-2010) †¢ Children act (2004) †¢ Education act(2002) †¢ Disability discrimination act (1995) †¢ Special education needs (SEN) couch practice (2000) †¢ Data protection information handling and sharing 2. Explain child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. This

Black Like Me A Cultural Book Report Essay Example For Students

Black Like Me: A Cultural Book Report Essay Word Count: 913John Howard Griffin was a journalist and a professional on race issues. After publication, he became a leading advocate in the Civil Rights Movement and did much to promote awareness of the racial situation sand pass legislature. He was middle aged and living in Mansfield, Texas at the time of publication in 1960. His desire to know if Southern whites were racist against the Negro population of the Deep South, or if they really judged people based on the individuals personality as they said. Because of this he felt that they had encouraged him to cross the color line and write Black Like Me. Plot:Black Like Me is the story of a man named John Howard Griffin, who underwent a series of medical treatments to change his skin color temporarily to black; a transformation that was complete when John Howard Griffin shaved off his hair, and looking in the mirror, saw a bald, middle-aged black man. The reason he does this is for an experiment to see how racism was in the Deep South from personal experience. From November 6th to December 14th in the early 60s, he hitchhiked, walked, and rode through Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia. After three weeks in the Deep South as a black man John Howard Griffin produced a journal covering his change into the black race, his travels and experiences in the South, the shift back into white society, and the reaction of those he knew prior his experience. The book was published and released. The reaction on the society differed in great ammounts. Characterization:John Howard Griffin is the main character in the story. Throughout the story, this person displayed many qualities. He showed determination because he was bound and determined to become a black man so he could expose the truth about the Deep South and how racist they were. He also showed courage, for being able to pull through and do the things he did, such as become a whole new person of another race and going into dangerous territory where he knew he wasnt really welcomed. He also displayed a sense of dignity, because after he was done with this experiment, he was threatened several times and even burned in effigy in his hometown, but he still maintained his ground as long as he could. And last, but not least, he showed us a sense of hope, because no matter what, even in the darkest times, he would still keep at least a small bit of hope in him. Cultural Insights:The things that Ive learned about white people and black people is that things arent always what they seem to be. A white person could be the nicest person to you at first if you are white, but the next they could hate you for being black if you are a black person. But not every white person is like this. Universal Insight:In Montgomery, Alabama, Griffin decided it was time for him to reenter white society, but he also wanted to gain information of the area as a black man. So, he found the technique of covering an area as a black and then returning the following day as a white. What he found was, as a black he would receive the hate stare from whites and be treated with every courtesy by the black community. As a white, it would be the exact opposite, he would get the hate stare from blacks and be treated wonderfully by the same people who despised him the previous day. The only thing altered was his appearance. He dyed his skin a very dark brown and shaved his head, his clothing, speech patterns, and references had not changed and every question was answered truthfully. If people did judge others by their qualities and qualifications, his time in the Deep South should have been fairly uneventful. Instead, there were daily hunts to find rest- room facilities, restaurants, stores, and various other conveniences that he took advantage of before he crossed the color line. Even though he was the same exact person, people treated him differently.Literary Analysis:To covey his message against racism, John Howard Griffin uses theme as one literary concept. He shows us that even though he was the same exact person as he was when he was white even when he changed his skin color, people treated him in different ways just because of his skin color. .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .postImageUrl , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:visited , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:active { border:0!important; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:active , .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf38245ced7adaa011efa9926e977dc7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 misc 12 00 EssayAnother way the author conveys his message against racism is that he uses mood as another literary concept. He puts the reader in a mood of disgust, not against the book, but against the people in the book and the racism that takes place in the book. Historic Reference: November 14, the day John Howard Griffin decided to leave to conduct his experiment, was the day after the Mississippi jury refused to indict or consider the evidence in the Mack Parker kidnap-lynch murder case. Because of this case, the tension between black and white became stronger, which led to making John Howard Griffins travels more difficult, being a black man. This book relates to American history because it takes the reader into the Deep South before the Civil Rights Movements took hold and shows what it was like to be black in the early 1960s.

Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self

Introduction: Design of the Studies A quantitative design is an important component in measuring and rating the behaviors in pre-test and posttest experiments. Both articles under analysis have applied to quantitative research methods evaluate behavioral patterns and define the extent to which a specific invariable component can influence other variables.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, the studies refer to linguistics as the major factor influencing other behavioral patterns, as well as introducing shits to attitude and perception. The articles are based on experimental design because the participants of the study are involved into specifically designed situations for the purpose of defining whether these manipulations can change beha vior. However, the research instruments, along with the number of participants, independent and dependent variables, and sampling, differ significantly. At this point, the first article under consideration called Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program applies to an cluster sampling because of the geographical advantages and it takes a long period of time (twelve weeks) to carry out the study. In contrast, the second research entitled as Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese Undergraduates provides an overview of a stratified sampling that reveals different patterns of behavior with regard to such variables as sex, major course, and age, which are not presented in the first study. In order to evaluate the relevancy and validity of the methodology, it is purposeful to define the correlation between the research design and the results of the study. Methodology Overview Brief overview of research methods In the study by Huang (2007), the primary em phasis has been placed on the selection of the articles that would fit the requirements of the research. In order to choose the 16 articles, such factors as students’ background and word frequency have been used. Introducing such computerized device as Textgrader, on the one hand, is an effective approach to define the size, the number of new words to be introduced, as well as other parameters related to the topic of the discussion. On the other hand, use of automated analysis does not contribute to a consistent evaluation of human factors, since students can have different levels of word exposure and knowledge background to memorize words and infer them from the context.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem is especially critical as far as the sampling population is concerned. The software involved into the study, however, cannot be considered cost-effectiv e because it requires installation of specific computerized devices. Regarding the methodological instruments, there is a strong focus made on searching for the texts for students to read. However, lack of tools necessary to select a sample introduces ambiguity. In other words, the study does not provide a sufficient explanation why the fixed sample has been chosen to take part into word lists reading program. In additional, the author has failed to evaluate the overall background of the participants and split those into specific groups with regard to the identified chosen word lists. In general, the research is a longitudinal study because it is premised on repetitive actions focused on a particular group of students to measure any changes and deviations from the established norms. Introducing experimental program provides more perspectives for analysis in terms of introduced variables and the sample population. Pre-test and posttest stages have also been introduced to define any i mprovements among the students. Presence of questionnaires providing an extensive overview of the participants has contributed to the analysis of the learners’ attitude to the Internet use in learning English. Though two questionnaires have been designed to estimate the learners’ attitude toward reading, as well as background, no changes have been made to the overall design of the study. At this point, all the participants have relatively different levels of computer access at home and different experiences in reading English texts. Therefore, the study does not demonstrate how this information could be applied to fit the experimental design of the study.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast to the first study, Yihong et al. (2005 ) have introduced a stratified population sampling enabling the researchers to draw conclusions about particular subgroups that cannot be defined in a generalized random sample. The chosen sample approach contributes to accumulating data across specified groups. Because the sample has been chosen from 30 universities, it is possible to infer that the sample is the closest to the general population criteria. Finally, the choice of a stratum enables choosing various sampling approaches, including the most cost-effective ones. In this respect, the researchers have applied mostly to questionnaires to include 24 statements about different categories of change based on existing bilingual theory. As a result of the quantitative methods used in the form of questionnaires and variance analysis, the research has managed to achieve the highest results. Using questionnaire as a methodological instrument has created a number of benefits for the researchers in terms of information availability an d statistical analysis. Though there was lack of computerized tools, the research is still valid and reliable because of the variety of questions introduced into the survey. A set of observations gained from the questionnaire has become the major source of quantitative analysis. It is also important to note that the researchers have managed to present sufficient information for statistical evaluation due to the categories introduced into the study. Judging from the choice of the sample and methods of research, the article refers to linguistic sociological study with its aim to measure the identities of different participants within a specific sample. Nevertheless, the author recognizes that using standard deviations test to define how these categories can be applied to evaluate the identity changes in correlation with the other independent variables. Data Collection Techniques Regarding the quantitative methodologies applied in the first study, it should be noted that many framework s implemented are relied on other experimental studies related to linguistics and learning techniques. At this point, the overview of related experiments and observational studies has greatly contributed to the exposition of quantitative data in the given study.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As per the second study, the researchers have applied to conventional methodologies to analyze the collected data and to choose the sample population. Overall, both articles have presented an extensive overview of relevant information collection methods. However, the second research initiated by Yihong et al. (2005) represents data with greater precision. Specifically, the availability of different charts and tables creates a wider insight into the accuracy of the data introduced, as well as stronger understanding of how different dependent and independent variables are interconnected. While evaluating the data collection hypotheses in more detail, it should be stressed that Huang (2007) has managed to integrate clearly stated purposes of the research and test those questions effectively. In such manner, the scholar has exposed a clear frame of the study. The second article has also introduced a clear thesis statement, but there is no specific identification of question to be tested . Despite the drawback, both articles have clearly introduced the data collection instruments, as well as data collection procedures. Hence, the first article applies to computerized tools to evaluate the appropriateness of the tools, whereas the second study makes use of the previous researches and theories to make up a questionnaire. Regardless of the differences in the methodological instruments, they still add value to the research due to the rates and scores provided in the study evaluation. The data collection procedures fully conform to the purpose of the research in terms of normality of distribution, homogeneity of variance, and levels of measurements. However, the first article fails to reveal the powerful data analysis techniques with regard to statistical procedure because no specific graphs and tables have been presented. As per the second study, the data analysis criteria have been full met with regard to the availability of statistical procedures. Because the two rese archers are premised on different approaches to data recording, the degree of errors differs as well. At this point, the first article is mostly based on computerized data assessment, which provides lower probability of error occurrence whereas the second article is more based on manual data recording which might involve more errors because of the human factor. Therefore, the second article provides lower level of reliability. Conclusion: Evaluation Of Methodologies While analyzing the above-presented methodological instruments for data collection and analysis, it can be concluded that both articles have suitable quantitative research designs because they fully meet the requirements of the research questions. More importantly, all the data collection procedures correspond to accepted procedures of experimental design. As per the sample population, the research articles outline different approaches to choosing the sample due to the various objectives of the study. In particular, the first article represents cluster sampling to carry out a longitudinal study, whereas the second article introduces a stratified sampling that perfectly suits a linguistic sociological nature of the research. Data collection procedures and instruments are powerful enough to measure the identified attitudinal patterns and important characteristics with adequate accuracy. Hence, using computerized tools in the first study enables the research to identify the texts that would disclose the major characteristics of text required for the program. The statements identified in the second study also offer a full picture of behavioral and changing patterns influencing students who study English. The difficulties, however, might occur because no evidence and arguments have been integrated with regard to the number of the participants chosen in the first study. Both articles add value to other existing researches in the sphere of linguistic and contribute significantly the frameworks needed for learning languages. Specifically, because the articles are focused on the patterns and measurements of scores and rates, they can be compared with existing statistical data referred to similar topics. Also, both studies manage to accurately identify the actual purposes of the instruments used, as well as find a close correlation between existing dependent and independent variables. What is more important is that separate findings from the studies can be used to be elaborate those in other researches. References Huang, H.-T. (2007). Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program. Language Learning Technology. 11(3), 64-82. Yihong, G., Ying, C., Yuan, Z., Yan, Z. (2005). Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese Undergraduates. World Englishes. 24(1), 39-51. This critical writing on Vocabulary Learning in an Automated Graded Reading Program and Self-Identity Changes and English Learning among Chinese was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.